Учебное пособие по английскому языку 3 семестр краснодар 2012 Печатается по решению

History of Interpol

The first significant move towards creating INTERPOL was in 1914 at the First International Criminal Police Congress. Police officers, lawyers and magistrates from 14 countries gathered in Monaco to discuss arrest procedures, identification techniques, centralized international criminal records and extradition proceedings. However, World War I delayed this initiative and it was not until 1923 that Interpol was founded at the Second International Police Congress in Vienna as the International Criminal Police (ICP). Founding members were Poland, Austria, Belgium, China, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, and Yugoslavia. The United States joined INTERPOL in 1923.

Following the Anschluss (Austria's annexation by Germany) in 1938, the organization fell under the control of Nazi Germany, and the Commission's headquarters were eventually moved to Berlin in 1942. From 1938 to 1945, the presidents of Interpol included Otto Steinhäusl, Reinhard Heydrich, Arthur Nebe, and Ernst Kaltenbrunner. All were generals in the SS, and Kaltenbrunner was the highest ranking SS officer executed after the Nuremberg Trial.

After the end of World War II in 1945, the organization was revived as the International Criminal Police Organization by European Allies of World War II officials from Belgium, France, Scandinavia and the United Kingdom. Its new headquarters were established in Saint-Cloud, a town on the outskirts of Paris. They remained there until 1989, when they were moved to their present location, Lyon.

Until the 1980s Interpol did not intervene in the prosecution of Nazi war criminals in accordance with Article 3 of its Constitution forbidding intervention in "political" matters.

On 2 July 2010, former Interpol President Jackie Selebi was found guilty of corruption by the South African High Court in Johannesburg for accepting bribes worth €156,000 from a drug trafficker. After being charged in January 2008, Selebi resigned as president of Interpol and was put on extended leave as National Police Commissioner of South Africa.

Constitution

The role of Interpol is defined by the general provisions of its constitution.

Article 2 states that its role is to

To ensure and promote the widest possible mutual assistance between all criminal police authorities within the limits of the laws existing in the different countries and in the spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
To establish and develop all institutions likely to contribute effectively to the prevention and suppression of ordinary law crimes.

Methodology

Interpol differs from most law-enforcement agencies — agents do not make arrests themselves, and there is no single Interpol jail where criminals are taken. The agency functions as an administrative liaison between the law-enforcement agencies of the member countries, providing communications and database assistance. This is vital when fighting international crime because language, cultural and bureaucratic differences can make it difficult for officers of different nations to work together. For example, if ICE and FBI special agents track a terrorist to Italy, they may not know whom to contact in the Polizia di Stato, if the Carabinieri have jurisdiction over some aspect of the case, or who in the Italian government needs to be notified of the ICE/FBI's involvement. ICE and FBI can contact the Interpol National Central Bureau in Italy, which will act as a liaison between the United States and Italian law-enforcement agencies.

Interpol's databases help law enforcement see the big picture of international crime. While other agencies have their own extensive crime databases, the information rarely extends beyond one nation's borders. Interpol can track criminals and crime trends around the world. They maintain collections of fingerprints and mug shots, lists of wanted persons, DNA samples and travel documents. Their lost and stolen travel document database alone contains more than 12 million records. They also analyze all these data and release information on crime trends to the member countries.

A secure worldwide communications network allows Interpol agents and member countries to contact each other at any time. Known as I-24/7, the network offers constant access to Interpol's databases. While the National Central Bureaus are the primary access sites to the network, some member countries have expanded it to key areas such as airports and border access points. Member countries can also access each other's criminal databases via the I-24/7 system.

In the event of an international disaster, terrorist attack or assassination, Interpol can send an incident response team. This team can offer a range of expertise and database access to assist with victim identification, suspect identification and the dissemination of information to other nations' law enforcement agencies. In addition, at the request of local authorities, they can act as a central command and logistics operation to coordinate other law enforcement agencies involved in a case. Such teams were deployed 12 times in 2005. Interpol began issuing its own passport in 2009 with hopes that member states would remove visa requirements for individuals traveling for Interpol business, thereby improving response times.

Finances

In 2009 Interpol's income was €59 million, of which 82% comprised statutory contributions by member countries and 14% income from projects, private foundations and commercial enterprises. From 2004 to 2010 Interpol's external auditors have been the Cour des comptes.

Emblem

The current emblem of Interpol was adopted in 1950 and according to their website has the following symbolism:

the globe indicates worldwide activity
the olive branches represent peace
the sword represents police action
the scales signify justice

Fugitive investigations

Fugitives pose a serious threat to public safety worldwide. They are mobile (often travelling between countries on stolen or fraudulent travel documents), and opportunistic, frequently financing their continued flight from the law through further criminal activities.

Fugitives also undermine the world’s criminal justice systems. They may have been charged with a violation of the law but not been arrested. They may have been released on bail and then fled to avoid prosecution or perhaps they have escaped from prison. When fugitives flee, cases are not adjudicated, convicted criminals fail to meet their obligations, and crime victims are denied justice.

INTERPOL’s role

At INTERPOL, a dedicated Fugitive Investigative Support Unit provides proactive and systematic assistance to member countries and other international entities in order to locate and arrest fugitives who cross international boundaries. Its role is to:

Provide investigative support to member countries in ongoing international fugitive investigations;
Develop and implement focused initiatives such as Operation Infra-Red;
Coordinate and enhance international cooperation in the field of fugitive investigations;
Deliver training and conferences;
Collate and disseminate best practice and expert knowledge;

Provide operational support for investigations into genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes to INTERPOL member countries, UN tribunals and the International Criminal Court.

Red notices for wanted persons

One of our most powerful tools in tracking international fugitives is the Red Notice. This seeks the provisional arrest of a wanted person with a view to extradition and is circulated to police in all our member countries. Red notices contain identification details and judicial information about the wanted person.
Some newspapers articles

Read and translate

05 June 2012

Russian paedophile suspect and INTERPOL target arrested in Cambodia

The arrest by Cambodian police of a Russian man wanted in connection with child sex crime offences and the target of an INTERPOL fugitive operation has been welcomed by the world police organization.

Stanislav Molodyakov, also known as Alexander Trofimov, was among 60 suspects wanted in connection with child sex offences targeted by Operation Infra-SEA (International Fugitive Round-Up and Arrest – South East Asia) launched from INTERPOL’s Liaison Office in Bangkok, Thailand earlier this year.

The 45-year-old, who was taken into custody on Monday, is wanted by Russian authorities in connection with abuse of three minors.

The arrest followed close cooperation between INTERPOL’s National Central Bureaus in Phnom Penh, Moscow and its Fugitives Investigative Support unit based at the General Secretariat headquarters in Lyon, France.

Тема 20

Europol

Text №1

Some new words to the text:

Boundary граница

Significant важный, значительный, существенный

Contribution вклад, содействие

Target цель

To mean означать

To conduct investigation проводить расследование

Tool орудие, инструмент

Customs таможня

To overcome преодолеть

Request просьба, запрос

Fulfillment выполнение
2. Read and translate the text and answer the following questions:

1. What is Europol?

2. When did it start its work?

3. What is the aim of Europol?

4. What international crimes does Europol fight against?

5. Does Europol have any executive powers? What does it mean?

6. What can you say about structure of this organization?

7. Is there any difference between Europol and Interpol? What are their roles in the fight against organized crime?

Europol

Nowadays, there are no boundaries for organized criminal groups. Because of modern technology and enormous resources, these groups are illegally active worldwide. In fact, organized crime represents a threat to the structure and values of our democratic systems affecting European citizens’ security and freedom.

Europol is the European Union law enforcement organization that handles criminal intelligence. Its aim is to improve the effectiveness and cooperation between the competent authorities of the Member States in preventing and combating such international organised crimes as: illicit drug trafficking; weapons smuggling; illicit immigration network; terrorism, forgery of money (counterfeiting of the Euro) and other means of payment; trafficking in human beings including child pornography; illicit vehicle trafficking; money-laundering. In addition, other main priorities for Europol include crimes against persons, financial crime, computer crime and cyber crime. In short, the mission of Europol is to make a significant contribution to the European Union’s law enforcement action against crime with an emphasis on targeting criminal organizations.

Europol (the name is a contraction of European Police Office) is the European Union’s criminal intelligence agency. The agency started limited operations on January 3, 1994, as the Europol Drugs Unit (EDU). In 1998 the Europol Convection was ratified by all the member states and came into force in October. Europol became fully operational on July 1, 1999.

It is a support service for the law enforcement agencies of the EU member states. Europol has no executive powers. This means that Europol officials are not entitled to conduct investigations in the member states or to arrest suspects. In providing support, Europol with its tools – information exchange, intelligence analysis, expertise and training – can contribute to the executive measures carried out by the relevant national authorities.

Europol is a multi – disciplinary agency, comprising not only regular police officers but staff members from the member states’ law enforcement agencies: customs, immigration services, border and financial police, etc. Europol helps to overcome the language barriers in international police cooperation. Any law enforcement officer from a member state can address a request to their Europol National Unit (ENU) in her / his mother tongue and receive the answer back in this language.

Three different levels of cooperation are possible: the first one is technical cooperation. The next step is strategic cooperation aimed at exchanging general trends in organized crime and how to fight it. The top level of cooperation includes the exchange of personal data and requires the fulfillment of Europol’s standards in the field of data protection and data security.

What is the difference between Europol and Interpol?

There are various possibilities for international law enforcement cooperation. Interpol and Europol are two of them. Interpol is an excellent network of police agencies of countries worldwide, whereas Europol mainly supports the fight against organized crime and there is no competition between these organizations. In fact a cooperation agreement was signed between the two organizations. In fact a cooperation agreement was signed between the two organizations to help strengthen international law enforcement cooperation.

3. Find in the text above the English equivalents for the following words and expressions and translate:

- organized criminal groups

- citizens’ security

- modern technology and enormous resources

- to represent a threat

- to handle criminal intelligence

- to make a significant contribution

- a multi-disciplinary agency

- regular police officers

- to overcome the language barriers

- international police cooperation

- to exchange information

- border police

- to conduct investigation

- top level

- data security

4. Find in the text above the names of following crimes:

- незаконный оборот наркотиков

- отмывание денег

- незаконная торговля транспортными средствами

- незаконная миграция

- преступления против личности

- торговля людьми

- детская порнография

- подделка денег (фальшивомонетчество)

- контрабанда оружием

- компьютерная преступность

- кибер преступления.
5. Circle the odd ones out:

1. assassin drug dealer hit man murderer

2. con man robber burglar pickpocket
3. bribe smuggle charge mug

4. proof alibi prison fingerprint

5. shoplifter hijacker stalker murder

6. stole deceived damaged questioned

7. guilty theft fraud manslaughter
6. Make the sentences from the following words:

Europol, that, organization, the, Union, is, handles, European, intelligence, law, enforcement, criminal.
Boundaries, no, nowadays, criminal, for, groups, organized, there are.
Powers, Europol, executive, has, no.

4. Police, barriers, the language, in, cooperation, international, to

overcome, Europol, helps.

5. Europol, is, of, the mission, crime, and, serious, combat, international, and, organized, terrorism.
7. Mark the statements T (true) or А (false) using the text A and B:

1. Europol is the European Union law enforcement organization that handles criminal intelligence.

2. The main priorities for Europol include crimes against persons, financial crimes and cyber crimes.

3. Europol is a multi-disciplinary agency, comprising regular police officers and staff members from the various law enforcement agencies of the member states.

4. There are no differences between Interpol and Europol.

5. Europol helps to overcome the language barriers in international police cooperation.

8. Read and translate the following dialogue.

John: Hallo, Peter! How are you?

Peter: Hi, John! I haven’t seen you for ages!

John: Are you still working at the Europol department?

Peter: You are right. I’m a Special Agent.

John: Sounds great! And what does this organization deal with?

Peter: Europol’s aim is to improve the effectiveness and cooperation between the competent authorities of the member states. The workers of Europol are doing their best to prevent and combat international organized crimes such as illicit drug trafficking, weapons smuggling, human trafficking and so on.

John: Oh, I see. You have such a challenging job!

Peter: Really. It also requires patience, honesty, intelligence and courage.

John: That’s true. It was nice to meet you. See you.

Peter: So long!
9. Make up your own dialogues and reproduce it.
10. Imagine that you are a police officer from Russia that visit an international seminar in Dallas on the problem of terrorism. Write a report about this problem and international organizations dealing with it.

Retell the text.

Text №2

Translate the text and then answer the following questions:

What is organized crime?
What country has the biggest gangs?
What are Japanese gangsters called?
What do you know about AI Capone?
What is Mafia?
What criminal activities is the Mafia involved in?

Organized Crime

Organized Crime is the term used to describe illegal operations which are run like a big business. Crimes like this are carried out by criminals who work in gangs. There are gangs in every major country of the world. Many of the biggest gangs are in the USA. Some modern gangsters, like the Mafia, are involved in the illegal drugs trade. Japanese gangsters, called yakuza (meaning “good for nothing”), are also highly organized and very powerful.

Probably the most famous time for gangsters was the Prohibition (запрещение продажи спиртных напитков, сухой закон) period in the USA. Between 1920 and 1933 alcoholic drinks were banned and gangs grew rich running illegal drinking dens. The best known prohibition gangster was AI Capone, who dominated organized crime in Chicago from 1925 to 1931.

The Mafia is secret society which began in Sicily long ago. In the 20 century it spread to mainland Italy and to the USA, where many Italian Immigrants had settled. The mafia is involved in many criminal activities, including obtaining money from people using threats or force, selling illegal drugs, running illegal gambling operations, kidnapping and various acts of terrorism.

The Mafia is organized into a network of «families». The Italian and US governments have put many suspected Mafia members on trial, but it is difficult to obtain evidence against them because Mafia members are sworn to secrecy. In recent years a number of senior Mafia members have agreed to give evidence against their former colleagues, resulting in several highly publicized trials.

Supplementary reading

07 June 2012

Crime network behind hundreds of burglaries dismantled by French police

Operation supported by INTERPOL and Europol

An operation led by French law enforcement, and supported by INTERPOL and Europol, targeting a crime network of Georgian and Armenian nationals believed to be linked to more than 300 burglaries has resulted in the arrest of 21 individuals and the recovery of a substantial amount of gold and jewellery.

The network - structured over several levels, with burglars, team leaders and coordinated by at least one ‘thief-in-law,’ a criminal of high-ranking within the network who acts as a controller and regulator - is suspected of a series of residential and commercial thefts around Limoges, the north of France and Belgium, with the stolen goods sent to Belgium for selling on.

The investigation, led by France’s Central Office for Combating Itinerant Delinquency and the Gendarmerie of Limoges, was supported from the early stages by Europol specialists who facilitated the exchange of criminal intelligence, delivered analytical reports and supported the operation on the spot with a mobile office.

During the operational phase on June 4, INTERPOL provided onsite support assisting the identification of those arrested through on-site fingerprint scanning, provision of access to INTERPOL’s global databases and message exchange with its National Central Bureaus.

The number of arrests and seizures are provisional and likely to increase in the next few days as the operation continues.

Тема 21

Международное сотрудничество полицейских

Some new words to the text:

Growth рост, увеличение

Increasingly все более, все больше и больше

Sophisticated сложный, изощренный

Rapid быстрый, скорый

Opportunity возможность

To expand расширять(ся), увеличивать (ся)

Enormous огромный, громадный

Alarm тревога

Violate нарушать

Pressure давление

Widespread широко распространенный

Offence правонарушение, преступление

Money laundering отмывание денег

Theft воровство, кража

Illicit незаконный

Arms trade торговля оружием

Hijacking похищение, угон (транспортного средства)

Fraud обман, мошенничество

Insurance страхование, страховка

Trade торговля

Drug trafficking торговля наркотиками

Sham теневой, поддельный

Penetrate внедряться, проникать

Currency валюта, деньги

Gain прибыль, нажива, выгода

To conceal скрывать, утаивать

To escape бежать, уходить

Trace выслеживать, следить

Subsequent последующий, следующий

2. Read and translate the following text:

International police cooperation in combating cross-border crime

The growth in cross-border crime is going on in many countries today. The development of increasingly sophisticated facilities for rapid travel has made it easier for criminals to move around the world. At the same time, the complex structures of modern societies and the constant growth of international exchanges provide more and more opportunities for international criminal activity, which has expanded enormously now and reached alarming proportions. Individuals and companies are being subjected to increasing pressure from criminals, leading to widespread feelings of insecurity.

The term «international crime», although in common use, does not necessarily refer to specific types of offence defined in law. When criminal acts, deals and schemes violate the laws of more than one country, they are said to be cross-border, transnational or international crimes.

The UN has classified all transnational crimes into 17 groups: money laundering terrorism; theft of art works and cultural objects; theft of intellectual property; illicit arms trade; hijacking of planes; piracy; hijacking on highways; fraud in insurance; computer-related crime; ecological crime; trade in humans; trade in human organs; drug trafficking; sham bankruptcy; penetrating legal business; corruption and bribing public figures, party leaders and elected officials.

Some offences are covered by international conventions, for instance, currency counterfeiting (1929 Convention), traffic in human beings and the exploitation of prostitution (1949 Convention), and drug trafficking (1988 Convention).

Other offences, however, can be classified as «international» because of the behaviour of the offenders. For instance, preparations for committing an offence may be made in one country while the actual offence is committed in one or more countries. To make another example, similar offences may be committed one after the other in several different countries. Finally, an offender may escape across a border after committing his offence, he may transfer his illicit gains abroad or he may conceal objects or documents used to commit the offence in another country.

Tracing and arresting such offenders may prove extremely difficult; problems can arise in connection with exchanging information, identification, international investigations and subsequent extradition. Because of these problems, police services in different countries must work together if they are to combat international crime successfully.
3. Translate the following words and word-combinations:

- cross-border crime

- modern society

- sophisticated facilities

- international criminal activity

- in common use

- specific type of offence

- illicit gain

- feeling of insecurity

- currency counterfeiting

- tracing

- fraud in insurance

- identification

- subsequent extradition.
4. Find in the text above the names of following crimes:

- кража интеллектуальной собственности

- отмывание денег

- экологические преступления

- торговля людьми

- теневое банкротство

- торговля человеческими органами

- страховые мошенничества

- подделка денег (фальшивомонетчество)

- незаконная торговля оружием

- компьютерная преступность

- коррупция

- угон воздушного средства

- подкуп.
5 Make up word combinations:

1) cross-border a) exchanges

2) sophisticated b) extradition

3) international c) proportion

4) criminal d) crime

5) alarming e) laundering

6) money f) activity

7) currency g) facilities

8) subsequent h) counterfeiting

6. Find the words with an opposite meaning in the text above:

1) law-abiding citizen

2) easy

3) decreasing

4) security

5) obey

6) local

7) legal
7 Read the definitions and name the corresponding word from the bracket:

(Illicit, to launder, terrorism, hostage, ransom, to cooperate, border, to facilitate)

to transfer illegal or stolen money usually by a complex process to avoid detection
against law

3. the use of violence in order to achieve political aims

4. an amount of money that someone asks for in exchange for a person

who they are keeping as a prisoner

5. the official line that separates two countries or regions

6. a person who is the prisoner of someone who threatens to kill them if

they do not get what they want

7. to make it possible or easier for something to happen

8. to work with other people in order to achieve something

8. Complete the following sentences according to the text:

1. The growth in cross-border crime …

2. The constant growth of international …

3. The term international crime does not …

4. The UN has classified …

5. Other offences, however, can be classified …

6. Police services in different countries must work …
9. Answer the following questions, then retell the text.

1. What developments made it easier for criminals to move around the world?

2. Who are being subjected to increasing pressure from criminals?

3. Does the term «international crime» refer only to specific types of offence defined in law?

4. What does the term «transnational crime» mean?

5. How many groups of transnational crimes can you name according to UN’s classification?

6. What offences are covered by international conventions?

7. Is tracing and arresting international criminals an easy task?

8. Why must police services in different countries work together?

Additional exercise to the topic

1. Read, translate and retell the text:

Prison for cannabis smugglers

The skipper and crew of a yacht were jailed for trying to smuggle cannabis worth 4.5 pounds million into Britain. The skipper of the yacht Rosy, was sentenced to ten years after admitting illegally importing cannabis.

Truro Crown Court had been told that the yacht was tracked through French and Spanish waters until it suffered engine trouble ten miles off Falmouth, Cornwall. When the boat called for help a Customs launch offered it a tow to Falmouth, where one-and-a-half tons of Moroccan cannabis was found.

(From the Guardian)

2. Find the English equivalents for the following words:

- контрабандист

- экипаж яхты

- посадить в тюрьму

- провозить коноплю контрабандой

- приговорить к

- признать незаконный импорт

- страдать

- звать на помощь

- таможня

Supplementary reading
Text №1

1. Read and translate the text with the help of dictionary

Organization of the French Police

The French Police consists of two highly centralized forces, the National Police and the National Gendarmerie. There is a further independent local force called the Municipal Police. Relations between the two major forces are often described as strained. The Municipal police force operates in theory alongside the National police and the National Gendarmerie. All the French police are armed.

The National Police is considerably larger then the Gendarmerie with some 116,300 officers and is responsible to the Ministry of the Interior. In addition to the uniformed and plain clothes police officers, there are about 10,000 civil support staff working for the National Police.

The National Police has executive and administrative functions which are split between the various units and services, for example: suppression of public disorder, road and motorway patrols, intelligence service, border and air control service, VIP security service. Drugs, vice and forensic work are often covered by specialist squads and there is also an anti-terrorist unit.

Within the National Police there are a few divisions for active policing:

The Urban Police operates in the 477 big towns. Each district is controlled by a Commissar and consists of uniformed officers and a plain clothes detective and administration division. The tasks of the Urban Police division are to maintain law and order, public safety, security and salubrity, and traffic control.
The Judicial Police deal with criminal, financial and economic cases.
The Political Police of approximately 4,000 officers collect and collate information on individuals or groups who are regarded as constituting a danger to the state. Its plain officers are empowered to infiltrate organizations, collect information, tap telephones and open mail, subject to warrants.
The State Security Service is concerned with the secret activities of foreign states operating in France.
The Air and Frontier Police is responsible for movement of people across French borders and through airports. It works closely with the Customs Service which has responsibility for supervision of the movement of goods across the frontiers.

There are also other divisions of the National Police including para-military riot police and drug squad.

The National Gendarmerie is a military force under the control of the Ministry of Defence.

Text №2

1.Read and translate the text with the help of dictionary
Organization of the Italian Police

There are four separate police systems in Italy: the Carabinieri, the State police, the treasury police and the local community police.

In addition there are the Corps of Prison Warders and the Corps of Foresters. The latter is responsible for the protection of forestry and environment. In total there are some 302 police officers, giving one officer for every 191 people.

The Italian police all come under the authority of the Minister of the Interior who coordinates the activities of law enforcement agencies. The Minister is responsible for the maintenance of public order and safety, and the services of the Public Security Department are employed to enforce this authority. This department in turn is sub-divided into various departments and agencies headed by the Chief of the Italian Police.

Text №3
1.Read and translate the text with the help of dictionary
What are crimes?

It is very important to know which acts are criminal.

Offences against society

The most fundamental characteristic of a crime is that it is a punishable offense against society. Consequently, when a crime occurs, society, acting through such employees as the police and prosecutors, attempts to identify, arrest, prosecute, and punish the criminal. These measures are designed to protect society rather than to aid the victim of the crime. Victims of almost all crimes can sue identified criminals for civil damages, but seldom do because it is costly and difficult to collect from such defendants.

Elements of crimes

Before anyone can be convicted of a crime, three elements usually must be proved at the trial. They are:

a duty to do or not to do a certain thing;
a violation of the duty, and
criminal intent.

Duty. The duty to do or not to do a certain thing usually is described by statutes which prohibit certain conduct. Generally only conduct that is serious – involving violence or theft property – is classified as an offense against society and therefore criminal.

Violation of the duty. The breach of duty must also be proved in a criminal trial. This is the specific conduct by the defendant, which violates the duty. For example, battery is always a crime. Criminal battery is often defined in statutes as «the intentional causing of corporal harm». Corporal harm means bodily harm. A breach of this duty could be established in a trial by the testimony of witness who swore that she saw the defendant deliberately punch the victim.

Criminal intent. The third element, criminal intent, must be proved in most cases. Criminal intent generally means that the defendant intended to commit the act and intended to do evil.

A few crimes do not require criminal intent. These are generally less serious crimes, for which a jail sentence is very unlikely. Traffic offenses fall within this classification. You may not have intended to speed or have intended evil but you have still committed this crime.

Today, statutes of most states fix the age of criminal liability at 18, but the figure ranges from 16 to 19. Statutes often provide that minors as young as 13 or 16 may be tried and punished as adults if they are accused of serious crimes such as murder. Generally, however, what is a crime for adults is juvenile delinquency for minors.

Ignorance or mistake is generally no excuse for violating a law. A person is presumed to know what the law is. To have criminal intent, one must have sufficient mental capacity at the time one commits a crime to know the difference between right and wrong and to be capable of deciding what to do. Accordingly, insane persons are not held liable for their criminal acts.

Normally neither voluntary intoxication nor drug abuse is a good defense against a criminal charge.

РАЗДЕЛ II

ГРАММАТИКА

The Infinitive. The Infinitive Construction.

Инфинитив – это неличная форма глагола, которая называет действие и в русском языке соответствует неопределенной форме глагола (инфинитиву), которая отвечает на вопросы: ‘’что делать?’’, ‘’что сделать?’’:

to read – читать, прочитать

to investigate – расследовать

to detect – разыскать, разыскивать

Формальным признаком инфинитива является частица to, однако частица to перед инфинитивом в некоторых случаях опускается.

E.g. We must learn how to find criminal as quickly as possible.

Инфинитив в предложении может быть:

1. Подлежащим:

To detect the criminal is very often not an easy task.

(Разыскать преступника – это очень нелегкая задача).

Составной частью сказуемого:

The main duty of militia officers is to fight crime.

(Главная обязанность сотрудника милиции – это бороться с преступностью).

Дополнением:

At our university we are also taught to find evidence.

(В университете нас также учат находить улики).

4. Определением:

He had no intention to commit a criminal act.

(У него не было намерения совершить преступное деяние).

5. Обстоятельством цели:

I entered the Krasnodar University of the MIA (in order) to become a good lawyer.

(Я поступил в Краснодарский университет МВД, чтобы стать хорошим юристом).

Инфинитив имеет формы залога (Active, Passive), а также формы времени (Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect):

Active Passive

Indefinite to study - to be studied

изучать (вообще) быть изучаемым

(вообще)

Continuous to be studying ______

изучать

(в данный момент)

Perfect to have studied to have been studied

изучить быть изученным

Наиболее распространенными являются формы Indefinite Infinitive Active и Passive. Остальные формы инфинитива встречаются значительно реже.

Exercise 1. Read and translate the sentences into Russian, underline the infinitives:

His duty is to make sure that the place of work is safe.
He could not refuse to fulfill demands of court.
He has just finished to read the sentence.
Please telephone him to send this message.
I would like to see this witness again.
This is the place to see.
To elect and to be elected is the right of every citizen.

Exercise 2. Match a line in A with a verb in B and a line in C.

A	B	C
1. I went for a walk	to make	the house smell nice
2. I’m going to the library	to buy	a new car
3. I went to town	to get	some friends
4. I phoned the theatre	to change	my books
5. I want to borrow some money	to visit	how to get to my house
6.I bought some flowers	to do	some fresh air
7. I’m going to Paris	to ask	some shopping
8. I wrote to John	to explain	what time the play started

Passive Infinitive в функции определения.

Пассивный инфинитив, стоящий после существительного, обычно переводится придаточным предложением с оттенком модальности, в котором действие, выраженное инфинитивом, совершается над лицом или предметом, к которому оно относится.

E.g. The case to be investigated by this young officer is rather difficult.

(Дело, которое должно быть расследовано этим молодым следователем, довольно трудное).

Exercise 3. Translate the sentences:

The evidence to be found at a crime scene is very important for the investigation.
The report to be written by the investigator must include all the facts collected during the investigation.
The crime to be investigated by Scotland Yard occurred on the Thames.
The criminal case to be tried by our district court next week is much spoken of in our city.
Justice in this country to be administered equally by judges often depends on the sum of money a person has.
He spoke of the problems to be settled in the nearest future.
The article to be discussed by the students is about the American Constitution.

Конструкция for + Infinitive

It is necessary for him to consult a doctor.

Ему необходимо посоветоваться с врачом.

There is no need for her to worry.

Ей нет необходимости беспокоиться.

Here is a job for you to do.

Вот работа, которую вам необходимо сделать.

Exercise 4. Translate into Russian paying attention to the construction ‘’for + Infinitive’’:

It is necessary for us to come in time.
It is very important for the students to have a good practice in English.
Is it difficult for you to answer this question?
It was not easy for the scientists to prove their theory.
It is only nine o’clock. There is no need for you to hurry.
Here is a book for him to read during his trip.
There is no hope for me to meet him soon.

2. Complex Object (Objective with the Infinitive)

Сложное дополнение

(Объективный падеж с инфинитивом)

Сочетание местоимения в объектном падеже или существительного с инфинитивом представляет собой сложное дополнение и переводится на русский язык дополнительным придаточным предложением.

I want him to help me.

Я хочу, чтобы он помог мне.

He supposes this young man to be an honest fellow.

Он полагает, что этот молодой человек – честный парень.

Сложное дополнение употребляется после глаголов, выражающих желание, восприятие посредством чувств, предположение:

to see (видеть)

to watch, to observe (наблюдать)

to notice (замечать)

to hear (слышать)

to feel (чувствовать)

to want (хотеть)

to wish (желать)

should like (хотел бы)

to like (любить, нравиться)

to expect (ожидать)

to think (думать0

to believe (полагать, считать)

to suppose (полагать)

to consider (считать)

to find (находить, считать) и т.д.

После глаголов, выражающих физическое восприятие, частица to перед инфинитивом опускается.

I saw him cross the street.

Я видел, что он перешел улицу.
Exercise 1. Translate the sentences with the Complex Object:

I suppose him to be about thirty.
He believes his parents to be at home now.
I don’t consider him to be an honest man.
The teacher found him to be a very clever student.
The witness saw that woman enter the house.
The police officer wanted the young man to be invited here.
I should like you to tell the truth.
The investigator expected him to give all the information about that fact.
The policeman saw the criminal run away.
We know him to be a highly qualified detective.

Exercise 2.Complete the sentences using the Complex Object construction:

They want us to …
I didn’t expect him to …
We don’t want our friends …
I’d like you to …
We know her …

Exercise 3. Translate into English using the Complex Object construction:

Я слышал, как он говорил по-английски.
Я хочу, чтобы вы подождали меня здесь.
Все знают, что он лучший студент в группе.
Она хотела, чтобы он понял её.
Мы ожидали, что они приедут утром.
Она видела, как преступник вошел в дом.
Следователь хотел, чтобы свидетель сказал правду.

3. Complex Subject (Nominative with the Infinitive)

Сложное подлежащее

(Именительный падеж с инфинитивом)

Подлежащее (существительное или местоимение) с инфинитивом, стоящим после сказуемого, выраженного глаголом в страдательном залоге или глаголами to seem (казаться), to be likely (вероятно), to be unlikely (маловероятно), to be certain (определенно), to prove (оказываться), to happen (случаться) и др., представляет собой оборот ‘’именительный падеж с инфинитивом’’ или ‘’сложное подлежащее’’. Перевод предложения со сложным подлежащим следует начинать со сказуемого, которое переводится на русский язык безличным или неопределенно-личным предложением (говорят, известно, считают, полагают, кажется, случается и т.д.); в придаточном предложении инфинитив становится сказуемым.

Обратите внимание на возможности перевода:

He is said to study at the University.

Говорят, что он учится в университете.

Он, как говорят, учится в университете.

Books by Conan Doyle are known to have been translated in our country.

Известно, что книги Конан Дойля переведены в нашей стране.

This case is unlikely to be investigated quickly.

Маловероятно, что это дело будет расследовано быстро.
Exercise 1. Translate the sentences with the Complex Subject:

That evidence proved to be very important.
Our laws are known to protect the interests of all the people.
He was expected to arrive in the morning.
That investigator is considered to be an experienced lawyer.
The crime is reported to have been committed by a group of young people.
The police officer happened to be present at the crime scene at the moment of the commission of the offense.
Criminality is considered to be a social phenomenon.
I happened to be there at that time.
The investigator is expected to solve the crime quickly.
The criminal Investigation Department is considered to be one of the most complicated militia services.

Exercise 2. Translate into English:

Говорят, что она читает и переводит английские тексты без словаря.
Кажется, что он расследует то сложное дело.
Считают, что он хороший следователь.
Маловероятно, что они сделали это.
Полагают, что Москва была основана в 1147.
Известно, что мой брат говорит на пяти иностранных языках.

4. Понятие отрицания в английском языке

и некоторые способы его выражения

Английское предложение, как правило, допускает одно отрицание. Оно обычно выражается с помощью отрицательных слов ‘’no’’ и ‘’not’’.

Отрицательная частица ‘’not’’ - ‘’не, нет, ни’’ – употребляется:

- при глаголе-сказуемом:

He is not a student of the Krasnodar University of the MIA. - Он не является слушателем Краснодарского университета МВД.

He is not studying law. - Он не изучает право.

He is not going to serve in the Militia. - Он не собирается служить в милиции.

He does not know the science of Criminology. - Он не знает криминологии.

He must not do that. - Он не должен знать этого.

‘’Not’’ в соединении со вспомогательными глаголами или модальными глаголами принимает в разговорной речи сокращенную форму n’t, isn’t, don’t, can’t, etc.

It is cold, isn’t it? - Холодно, не правда ли?

It isn’t cold, is it? - Не холодно, не правда ли?

при числительном:

There is not one problem to solve for the Militia. - Милиции нужно решить не одну проблему.

при количественном прилагательном:

There are not many interesting books in his library. - В его библиотеке немного интересных книг.

при существительном или его группе:

You must take not this but that thing. - Вы должны взять не эту, а ту вещь.

The book is not on the table, but in the case. - Книга не на столе, а в шкафу.

при местоимениях:

That is not for me but for you. - Это не для меня, а для вас.

- при наречиях:

Not only… but also… - не только…, но также …

He must not only solve crimes but also prevent them. - Он должен не только раскрывать преступления, но и предупреждать их.

при инфинитиве глагола:

They try not to disturb evidence. - Они стараются не повредить доказательства.

Запомните выражение:

Not at all - нисколько, ничуть, не стоит благодарности.

Отрицательное местоимение ‘’no’’ – ‘’никакой, не’’ – употребляется:

- в качестве определения существительного.

Соответствующее русское предложение имеет, как правило, два отрицания:

No man can answer it. – Ни один человек не может ответить на это.

в обороте there (to be):

There is no chair of physics at our Law Institute. – В нашем юридическом институте нет кафедры физики.

- с глаголом ’’ to have’’:

He has no relatives here. – У него нет здесь родственников.

- в некоторых выражениях:

No more – ничего больше, нет (больше)

No wonder – не удивительно

No matter – безразлично, неважно

No smoking – курить воспрещается

No doubt - несомненно

Другие отрицательные местоимения:

- отрицательное местоимение ‘’no’’ в сочетании с –body, -thing:

Nobody – никто

Nothing – ничто

Соответствующее русское предложение также требует, как правило, два отрицания:

Nobody knows it. - Никто этого не знает.

There is nothing new in it. - В этом нет ничего нового.

- в некоторых выражениях:

Nothing of the kind – ничего подобного

To have nothing to do with… - не касаться, не иметь никакого отношения к … и др.

- отрицательное местоимение ‘’none’’ – никто, ничто, ни один, никакой:

Bill has many relatives here, but I have none. – У Билла есть здесь много родственников, а у меня нет никого.

- отрицательное местоимение ‘’neither’’ – ни один, никто; ни тот, ни другой:

Neither of you knows this. – Никто из вас не знает этого.

Отрицательные союзы: unless - если не…; neither… nor… - ни… ни…

I shall not go unless the weather is fine. – Я не поеду, если не будет хорошей погоды.

I know neither him nor his relatives. – Я не знаю ни его, ни его родственников (в русском переводе – снова два отрицания).

Отрицательные наречия: never – никогда; neither - также не; nowhere - нигде, никуда.

One never knows. – Никогда нельзя знать заранее.

If you do not go, neither shall I. – Если вы не пойдете, я также не пойду.

He will go nowhere. – Он никуда не поедет.
Запомните выражения:

Never mind! Ничего, пустяки!

Не обращайте внимания!

Сочетание глагола fail или существительного failure с инфинитивом:

If the officers fail to identify the suspect, they will not be able to solve the crime. – Если офицеры не установят личность подозреваемого, они не смогут раскрыть преступление.

Сочетание предлога without с герундием:

The officers will not solve the crime without finding some important evidence of its commission. – Офицеры не раскроют преступление, не найдя (если не найдут) важных доказательств его совершения.

Частичное отрицание передается приставками и суффиксами с отрицательным значением: -in (-im, -il, -ir); -un; -less.

Impossible - невозможный; illegal - незаконный; unimportant - неважный; unusual - необычный; careless - беззаботный; useless - бесполезный.
Exercise 1. Translate into Russian paying attention to the ways of expressing negation in English:

A good field-criminalist never forgets to use a modern crime technique during crime scene search.
He knows no people in this locality.
The searchers try not to disturb anything at the crime scene.
There is not one method of interrogation.
There are no suspects in some cases.
Nobody knows the number of that car.
We never have practice on Sundays.
She does not work at this problem.
The prosecutor’s office is not far from here.
No transport stops here.
We see nothing interesting in this question.
The police have no evidence against this suspect.
No two fingerprints are absolutely identical.
They are not going to ferret out his plans.
None of the group want(s) to do that.
He could find neither him nor his relatives.
Some police cadets fail to take good photographs of the crime scene.

5. Gerund (Герундий)

Герундий – неличная форма глагола, выражающая название действия и образующаяся путем прибавления суффикса -ing к основе глагола, например:

To investigate – investigating

To protect – protecting

По значению герундий близок к русскому отглагольному существительному и неопределенной форме глагола: читать – чтение, писать – письмо, исполнять – исполнение.

В отличие от Participle I, герундий может быть любым членом предложения, кроме сказуемого, и часто имеет при себе какой-нибудь предлог: of, about, from, for, by, without, on , in, etc.

Герундий обладает свойствами как существительного, так и глагола.

Как существительное герундий может:

сочетаться с предлогами:

He was accused of committing a crime. - Его обвинили в совершении преступления

определяться притяжательным местоимением или существительным в притяжательном падеже:

His being guilty is evident. - То, что он виновен, очевидно.

The officer’s identifying the criminal helped arrested him. – То, что полицейский опознал преступника, помогло арестовать его.

Глагольные свойства герундия выражаются в следующем:

он может иметь прямое дополнение:

I remember having read this article on criminology. - Помню, что читал эту статью по криминологии.

может определяться наречием:

He likes reading aloud. - Он любит читать вслух.

3) имеет формы времени и залога:

Voice Tense	Active	Passive
Indefinite Perfect	reading having read	being read having being read

В предложении герундий может выполнять различные синтаксические функции:

1) подлежащего:

Patrolling is one of the preventive methods. - Патрулирование – один из методов профилактики.

2)именной части сказуемого:

An arrest is taking a person into custody. - Арест – это взятие лица под стражу.

В этой функции герундий может употребляться с предлогами against - против, for - за, например:

We are against punishing him so severely. - Мы против того, чтобы его наказывали так сурово.

3) части составного глагольного сказуемого.

В этой функции герундий употребляется без предлога. Наиболее употребительные глаголы, в сочетании с которыми герундий образует составное глагольное сказуемое, следующие:

To finish – кончать

To stop – прекратить, бросить

To go on – продолжать

To need, to require, to want – требовать, нуждаться

To enjoy – наслаждаться

To delay – откладывать

Например:

Police finished investigating the case. - Полиция закончила расследование делаю

Примечание: глагол ‘’to stop’’ в значении ‘’останавливаться’’ употребляется с инфинитивом.

He stopped to smoke. - Он остановился, чтобы покурить.

He stopped smoking. - Он перестал курить.
4) предложного косвенного дополнения.

В этой функции герундий употребляется после многих глаголов, прилагательных, причастий, требующих определенных предлогов. К наиболее распространенным относятся:

To be fond of – любить

To be proud of – гордиться

To be afraid of – бояться

To be busy with – быть занятым (чем-либо)

To be responsible for – быть ответственным за что-либо

To be surprised at – удивляться

To be interested in – интересоваться

To prevent from – препятствовать

To result in – приводить к чему-либо

To accuse of – обвинять в чем-либо

To think of – думать о чем-либо

To depend on – зависеть от чего-либо

To insist on – настаивать на чем-либо

I am proud of being a citizen of Russia. – Я горжусь тем, что я – гражданин России.

He was suspected of committing a crime. – Его подозревали в совершении преступления.
5) определения.

В этой функции герундий чаще всего употребляется с предлогами of и for, например:

There are different methods of solving a crime. - Существуют различные методы раскрытия преступления.

обстоятельства.

В этой функции герундий чаще всего употребляется с предлогами:

on (upon) – по, после

before – перед

after – после

in – в то время как, при

instead of – вместо

in spite of – несмотря на

by – путем, при помощи

besides – кроме

without – без

for the purpose of (with the aim of) – с целью.

Например:

After being identified the criminal was arrested. - Преступник был арестован после того как установили его личность.

Способы перевода герундия на русский язык:

читать – неопределенная форма глагола

чтение – отглагольное имя существительное

Reading читая – деепричастие (с предлогом by)

о том, чтобы читать – придаточное предложение

I think of reading this book. - Я думаю прочесть эту книгу.

Или

- Я думаю о том, чтобы прочесть эту

книгу.

Exercise 1. Translate into Russian paying attention to gerunds.

Interviewing is a way of obtaining information.
The investigator may get the information by interviewing witnesses and by interrogating suspects.
By collecting the facts and gathering the evidence the investigator solves the crime.
It is impossible to achieve the aim without doing the work carefully and properly.
The investigator needs witnesses capable of giving him helpful information.
The main task of police work is the task of protecting society against crime.
British police forces have additional departments for dealing with special aspects of police work.
Sometimes obtaining information is a very difficult thing.
Catching, arresting and bringing the criminal to justice is the objective of every investigation.
Laws are made for the sake of society and man with the aim of protecting them.

Exercise 2. Say what part of speech the underlined –ing forms are and translate the sentences into Russian:

While speaking to a victim or witness, the main task of the detective is his ability to conduct a productive interview.
Despite their importance, interviewing skills are primarily learned on the job.
Having productive informants is essential in many criminal cases.
Some states in the USA require a grand jury hearing in felony cases.
The grand jury consists of 12 – 13 persons who sit for 3 to 18 months depending on the jurisdiction.
The no contest plea (the same as a guilty plea) is often used when a person is facing both criminal and civil charges.
The patrol officer, in taking the original report, will talk with the victim to find out what happened.
When protecting a crime scene, the officer must remember that nothing is to be touched or moved.
An officer stopping a person for a minor violation of the law has no way of knowing whether the person is wanted for a felony or misdemeanor.
Education is a factor that has no exclusive hearing on the crime problem but must be considered.

Exercise 3. Translate into English using a gerund:

Перестаньте, пожалуйста, разговаривать.
Прекратите шуметь.
Они только что начали проводить обыск.
Моя сестра продолжает говорить по телефону.
Они уже закончили переводить текст.
Продолжайте отвечать на вопросы следователя.

Gerundial Constructions

Герундиальные обороты

Герундиальный оборот представляет собой комплекс из существительного или притяжательного местоимения, которые указывают на лицо (или предмет), производящее действие, выраженное герундием. Герундиальный оборот переводится на русский язык дополнительным придаточным предложением, например:

I like her singing. - Мне нравится, как она поет.

The detective’s knowing the identity of the suspect helped him make an arrest. -То, что сыщику была известна личность подозреваемого, помогло ему произвести арест.

Использование герундиальных оборотов допустимо, как правило, в письменной и официальной речи.
ЗАПОМНИТЕ разговорные конструкции с герундием:

I couldn’t (can’t) help doing it.

Я не мог (не могу) не сделать этого.

I don’t feel like doing it.

Я не хочу (мне не хочется) этого делать.

I feel like eating ice-cream.

Мне хочется съесть мороженое.
Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to Complex Gerund:

I know of his taking an interest in criminology.

My brother’s becoming a good investigator resulted from his great experience.

Her going in for sports regularly helps her to feel better.

The offender’s being arrested at the crime scene came as a result of quick police actions.

Her being prosecuted for misdemeanor is natural.

His being placed on bail is explained by the nature of his offence.

His pleading not guilty does not mean that he is innocent.

Their knowing this news surprised the investigator.

Their presenting proper evidence to the court proved the guilt of the defendant.

After their informing us of the news we changed our plans.

Word Formation

Словообразование
- Formation of nouns
1. Verb + suffix = noun

To elect -tion (-ion) election выборы

To examine examination осмотр

To govern -ment government правительство

To appoint appointment назначение

To teach -er (-or) teacher учитель

To mug mugger грабитель

To assist -ance (-ence) assistance помощь

To differ difference различие

To press -ure pressure давление

To seize seizure конфискация

To pass -age passage путь, проход

To defend -ant defendant подсудимый

To defend -ce defence защитник

To acquit -al acquittal оправдание

To proceed -ing proceeding рассмотрение

дела в суде

2. verb noun

без изменения ударения

to judge judge судья

to assault assault оскорбление

(словесное)

3. verb noun

изменение ударения

to sus’pect ‘suspect подозреваемый

to con’vict ‘convict осужденный

4. noun + suffix = noun

Arson -ist arsonist поджигатель

Robber -y robbery воровство

Friend -ship friendship дружба

5. adjective + suffix = noun

Just -ce justice правосудие

Kind -ness kindness доброта

Free -dom freedom свобода
6. noun + noun = noun

Law maker lawmaker законодатель

Birth day birthday день рождения

- Formation of adjective
1. noun + suffix = adjective

Tradition -al traditional традиционный

Law -ful lawful законный

Law -less lawless незаконный

Danger -ous dangerous опасный

Wind -y windy ветреный
2. verb + suffix = adjective

To legislate -ive legislative законодательный

To change -able changeable изменчивый

To differ -ent different различный, другой
- Prefix and word formation
1. prefix + adjective = adjective

-Un lawful unlawful незаконный

-in capable incapable неправоспособный

-im possible impossible невозможный

-il legal illegal нелегальный

2. prefix + noun = verb

-en act to enact узаконить

-im prison to imprison заключать в тюрьму

-in trust to intrust поручать
- Formation of adverbs
Adjective + suffix -ly = adverb

Legal -ly legally законным образом,

законно

The

<< предыдущая страница следующая страница >>