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Пособие по английскому языку для студентов заочной формы обучения технологических - страница №1/1
Методическое пособие по английскому языку для студентов заочной формы обучения технологических специальностей составила Козловская Н.Я. Содержание I. Предисловие. II. Грамматический справочник. 1. Множественное число существительных 2. Степени сравнения прилагательных. 3. Глагол to be. 4.Времена английского глагола. Действительный залог. 5. Времена английского глагола. Страдательный залог. 6. Модальные глаголы. 7. Числительные. 8. Лексические упражнения. III. Тексты для чтения. 1. Агрономические факультет: A farm. Land. Soil. Soil cultivation I. Soil Cultivation II. Plants and crops. Cereals. Roots and break crops. Sugar beet, maize and oilseed rape. Horticulture and gardening. Vegetables. Fruit. Beer. Wine. Тексты для самостоятельного чтения. 2. Факультет механизации сельского хозяйства: Farm machinery. Tractors. The functions of modern tractors. Internal combustion engine. Farm machinery design. On some important farm machines. The workshop. Farm machine setting. Maintenance and repair. Тексты для самостоятельного чтения. 3. Факультет технологического менеджмента: Farm animals. Breeding and rearing cattle. Cattle. Pigs. Sheep and goats. Beef. Poultry. Animal nutrition. By products of meat animals. 4. Технологический менеджмент (специальности – Технология производства и переработки с.х. продукции. Технология продуктов общественного питания). Food Ï. Food ÏÏ. Food preparation. Cheese. Cream and cream products. Beef. Pork and pork products. Chicken (food). 5. Электроэнергетический факультет (специальность-Электроснабжение). 6. Экономический факультет (специальность - Информационные системы и технологии). 7. Факультет ветеринарной медицины: Animal diseases and welfare. Disease control and eradication. Methods of examination. Zoonose control approaches. Zoonoses. Animals in research: the biomedical model. ÏV. Тексты для самостоятельного чтения. Агрономический факультет: Drainage. Irrigation. Milking robots on the dairy farm. Ensiling and haymaking. Dairying. Milk-dairying. Quark (cheese). Smetana (dairy product). Animal sciences. Disease prevention. V. Сокращение и метрическая система. Контрольные задания. 1. Данное методическое пособие предназначено для студентов технологических факультетов. Материал уроков можно использовать как для работы в аудитории с преподавателем, так и для самостоятельной работы. Цель пособия: 1) научить студентов читать литературу по специальности; 2) систематизировать и расширить словарный запас; 3) закрепить грамматические структуры. Учебное пособие состоит из двух разделов. Первый раздел включает краткий грамматический справочник с грамматическими и лексическими упражнениями. Во второй раздел входят тексты по основным технологическим специальностям. Каждый текст снабжен терминологическим словарем. В раздел также вошли также тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов во время внеурочных занятий. В пособие включены список сокращений и метрическая система. Материал частично адаптирован применительно к уровню требований, предусмотренных программой английского языка для высших учебных заведений. Для того, чтобы правильно ответить на вопросы теста по английскому языку, студент должен самостоятельно проработать грамматический материал, выполнить упражнения, подготовить тексты для самостоятельного чтения по своей специальности. Lexical exercises I. Which combinations of the words are correct?
II. Match two words and translate them into Russian.
III. Match two halves of the sentences.
IV. Choose the odd word out:
V. Complete the sentences, using the correct prepositions. of (ˣ 2) by (ˣ 2) for ( ˣ2) to 1. The farm consists … land and equipment. 2. The equipment is determined … the type of farming. 3. It is advisable … a farmer to buy all kind … machines. 4. Sheep are bred… mutton and wool. 5. Some farmers are supported … local banks. 6. Some operations, for example, spraying may be left … contractors. 1. Tractors are better than horse. 2. Tractors save a lot of gas. 3. There are only two types of tractors – row crop and diesel. 4. Spark ignition engines use diesel fuel.5. It is a waste of energy to use heavy tractors for light work.6. Yoghurts are prepared without bacteria which convert lactose to lactic acid. 7. All animals require minerals and vitamins. 8. Cattle are kept for milk and meat. 9. Wheat may be cultivated in the northern parts of our country. 10. Weather conditions are very important in agriculture. Сокращение АС – alternating current – переменный ток BSE – bovine spongiform encephalopathy, mad cow disease FMD – foot – mouth – disease – ящур PTO – power- take – off – отбор мощности BC – before Christ – до нашей эры C – Centigrade – по Цельсию cm – centimeter – сантиметр cu – cubic – кубический cwt – hundred weight – центр DC – direct current – постоянный e.q. – example gratia /L) – например etc – et cetera /L) – и так далее ft – foot – фунт F – Fahrenheit – по Фаренгейту ha – hectare – гектар hp – house power – лошадиная сила in – inch – дюйм hr – hour – час kg – kilogram – килограмм Lb – libra /L) pound – фунт m – 1. mass; 2. nile 1). масса 2) миля mph – mile per hour – миль в час sq – square – квадрат Метрическая система Acre – 4840 square yards – 4046.873 m/square Are – 0.02471 Bushel – 36.367 litres Centimetre – 0.39370 inch Cubic foot – 0.0283 cubic metre 1 °Centigrade – 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit 1 °Fahrenheit – 0.5556 degrees Centigrade (Celsius) Zero Centigrade - + 32 °F Zero Fahrenheit - -17.78 °C Foot – 12 inches – 30.4801 cm Gallon (Imperial) – 1.2 gallon (US) – 4.545 litres Gallon (US) – 0.8327 gallon Imp. – 3.785 litres Gram (me) – 0.0352 ounce Hectare – 2.47106 acres Hundredweight – 112 pounds – 50.80 kg Hundredweight (US) – 100 pounds – 45.36 kg Inch – 2.53995 cm Inch (US) – 2.54001 cm Kilogram (me) – 2.20462 pounds Litre – 1.76007 pint Metre – 3.28084 feet – 39.37011 inches Mile – 1.6093 km Mile (nautical) – 1.8532 km Ounce – 28.34954 gram(me)s Ounce (troy) – 31.1035 gram(me)s Pint - 0.568 litre Pint (US) – 0.473 litre Pound – 16 ounce – 453.59 gram(me)s Quart – 1.13 litre Quart (US) – 1.94 litre Square foot – 929.034 square cm Stone – 6.35 kg Yard – 0.9144 metre Множественное число существительных Множественное число существительных обычно образуется при помощи - s
Правописание
Некоторые существительные имеют только множественное число: scissors glasses, trousers, jeans, shorts, pajamas Exercises I. Write the plural
II. Some of these sentences are right but most are wrong. Correct the sentences that are wrong. 1. I need a new jeans. ____________________________________________ . 2. Sheep eat grass. _______________________________________________. 3. Most of our tractor are new tractor. _______________________________ . 4. He bought new sheeps._________________________________________ . 5. I don't like mice. I'm afraid of them.______________________________ . 6. Potato are grown everywhere. ___________________________________ . 7. We went fishing but we didn't catch many fish. _____________________ . 8. David is married and has got three childs. __________________________ .
Past Tense
Future Tense
Exercises I. Put in the correct tense of the verb to be. Some sentences may be negative. 1. Farm crops … economic crops. 2. I … a tractor driver, I work as an engineer. 3. Tractors … farm machines. 4. Yesterday we … on a farm. 5. The temperature … 10°C, so the soil … warm. 6. Tomorrow I… at a workshop. 7. They … farmers. 8. Mr. Brown … a good operator some years ago. 1. Is it cold today? __________________________________________________. 2. Are you on the farm now? __________________________________________. 3. Were you in England last year? ______________________________________. 4. Was the weather warm yesterday?____________________________________ . 5. Will the yield of grain crops be good? _________________________________. 6. Are farm crops economical crops? ____________________________________. 7. Is your friend a veterinary doctor? ____________________________________. 8. Were the farms economic units?_____________________________________.
as… as такой же …, как и … My work is as interesting as your work. Моя работа такая же интересная, как ваша работа. This tractor is not as expensive as that tractor. Этот трактор не такой дорогой, как тот трактор. The more …, the better Чем больше …, тем лучше…. The more I think about the plan, the less I like it. Чем больше я думаю об этом плане, тем меньше он мне нравится. Exercises I. Complete the sentence. Use a superlative. It is a cheap tractor but it is not the cheapest. 1. This tractor is heavy but it … 2. Your cows are good but they … 3. That breeder is successful but he … 4. This glasshouse is warm but it … 5. That combine is big but it … 6. The method is economical but it … II. Complete the sentences. Use a comparative. 1. Last year was … than the year before (dry). 2. Our farm is … than his farm (big). 3. Our yields are … than their yields (good). 4. Our workshop is … than your workshop (expensive). 5. This beer is … than that beer (cheap). 6. Turkeys are … to rear than chickens (difficult). 1. These flowers are nicer. 2. The best varieties of crops are most expensive. 3. These chickens are as productive as those ones. 4. An old tractor is not as powerful as a new one. 5. The more I learn this subject, the better I know material. 6. The warmer the weather is, the better crops grow. Модальные глаголы CAN
Употребляется 1.Способность, возможность что-то сделать умственно, физически We can see this herb in the field. Can you speak any foreign language? 2. Разрешение
You can go now. 3. Просьба Can we grow this crop here? 4. Запрещение
The harvested crop cannot be stored in the field. Утвердительное предложение Fertilizer can be applied. Отрицательное предложение Fertilizer cannot be applied. Вопросительное предложение Can fertilizer be applied? MUST
Утвердительное предложение You must hurry. Отрицательное предложение You must not hurry. Вопросительное предложение Must you hurry?
Утвердительное предложение You should work hard. You ought to work hard. Отрицательное предложение You should not work hard. You ought not to work hard. Вопросительное предложение Should you work hard?
Утвердительное предложение You may do it. Отрицательное предложение You may not do it. Вопросительное предложение May you do it? 1. Must cows stay in the cow house? 2. The pipes can be turned from side to side. 3. The farmers should grow these flowers. 4. He will be able to buy a new tractor. 5. Tractors may travel on motorways. 6. Good seeds have to give good yields. go drive plant pay work go cut 1. You are tired. You ________ a tractor. 2. You ________ to the bank yesterday to get some money. 3. We don't work on Sundays but sometimes we _______________. 4. It is late. I think we _______________ home now. 5. You ___________ these flowers if you want. 6. It is not raining now. You __________ the grass in the yard. 7. You can't park your car for nothing. You ____________________.
always / never/ often/ sometimes/ usually/ seldom + present simple I usually go to work by bus He never eats meat.
Употребляются: Simple - повторяющиеся, постоянные действия, констатация факта. (V, Vs) Continuous – длительное (незаконченное действие, процесс (be Ving)) Perfect – завершенное действие (have Vз) Perfect Continuous – завершено-длительное действие, длящееся уже определенный период времени (have been Ving)
II. Which of the underlined verbs is right? 1. Soil moisture affects/ affect infiltration rates. 2. Such irrigation does not/do not require large stream of water. 3. They grow/grows many grain crops. 4. Do/does you use this method of cultivation? 5. These sprayers do not/ does not apply chemicals. 6. Growing of vegetables depends on/depend on soil conditions. 7. What tractors does / do he want to buy? 8. Nearly all tractors have/has a four- stroke engine. 1. (every gardener / water / always / plants).______________________. 2. (begin / to plough / he / in the morning ). ______________________. 3. (these breeds / rear / they/ usually). ____________________________. 4. (often / destroy / the bacteria / hot temperature. __________________. 1. He works hard on the farm. __________________________________. 2. The baby pigs die. __________________________________________. 3. You do the same thing every day. ______________________________. 4. My brother knows these breeds of sheep. ________________________. 1. The plant requires sufficient light. And animal? ___________________. 2. They have some arable land. And you? __________________________. 3. I want to be an agronomist. And Ann?___________________________. 4. The farmers grow winter wheat. And your friends? _________________. use open grow plough 1. It was hot in the room, so I ____________ the window. 2. Next year we _________ rye. 3. They _________ rye grain for rye whisky some years ago. 4. Tomorrow they ____________ this field. VII. Write questions with Did …? or Will …? 1. Grassland varied greatly. And woodland? __________________________. 2. Grassland will need good management. And arable land?______________. 3. The animals also needed vitamins. And poultry?_____________________. 4. Sterilized milk will last for about a week. And pasteurized milk? ________. Формы пассивного залога в английском языке образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, числе, лице и причастия II (Participle II) смыслового глагола. Глагол - сказуемое в страдательном залоге показывает, что подлежащие предложения является объектом действия со стороны другого лица или предмета. Глаголы в пассивном залоге переводятся на русский язык: 1. глаголом быть + краткая форма причастия смыслового глагола The crops were planted. Культуры были посажены. 2. глаголом с частицей – ся (-сь) The problem will be discussed. Проблема будет обсуждаться. 3. неопределенно-личным оборотом, т.е. глаголом в действительном залоге 3 лица множественного числа, типа «говорят», «сказали». English is spoken in many countries. На английском говорят во многих странах.
Exercises I. Correct these sentences. 1. This house built 100 years ago. This house was built …….. 2. This system adopts by the farmer next moult. ______________________ . 3. A garage is a place where cars repair. ____________________________ . 4. Products made from milk. _____________________________________ . 5. Where reared beef calves? _____________________________________ . 6. Why did potatoes sown in this field? _____________________________ . 1. I can't use my tractor at this moment. It __________ (repair). 2. A factory is a place where things _______________ (make). 3. I've never seen these flowers before. What _______ (they/call)?. 4. Some trees _________ (blow) down in the storm last night. 5. The road is closed at the moment/ It __________ (damage) last week and it _________ (not/repair) yet. 6. The trees/cut/down) yet. 1. Harvesting machines are called “combines”. 2. The implements were operated by the tractor. 3. The machines have been repaired in the work shop. 4. The flowers are being watered. 5. New breeds will have been reared. 6. The cow was being milked when I came. 486 – four hundred and eighty six. 6008 – six thousand and eight. 325 604 010 – there hundred and twenty five million six hundred and four thousand and ten. 5, 065, 321 – five million sixty five thousand three hundred and twenty one 2, 025, 000, 500 – two billion twenty five million five hundred. Слова thousand, hundred, million, billion и т.д. употребляются в ед.числе, если перед ними стоят числительные. 200 books – two hundred books, но hundreds of books. 3.5 – three point five 25.097 – twenty five point oh nine seven - 3°C – there degrees below zero 10°C – ten degrees centigrade 0°C = 32°F. 3 + 5 = 8 three plus five equals (is, are) eight 10 – 2 = 8 ten minus two equals (is, are) eight 5 х 6 = five times six equals thirty или (five multiplied by six; nine by six) 49 : 7 = 7 fourty nine divided by seven equals seven 0.5; 0,25, 0.33, 0.2 = a half (one half), a third; a fourth (quarter), a fifth, a tenth. Exercises I. Read: 549, 2158; 329 045; 2065 408; 204 hectares; 1115$; 138,5 tonnes; pH 7,5; 24,4 mt (million tonnes); 11,5% 3,8 t/ha 82 гектара, 104 трактора, 247 голов скота, 4,7% дохода, 8456 рублей, рН 6, -25°С. Сокращение BSE – bovine spongiform encephalopathy, mad cow disease FMD – foot – mouth – disease – ящур PTO – power- take – off – отбор мощности BC – before Christ – до нашей эры C – Centigrade – по Цельсию cm – centimeter – сантиметр cu – cubic – кубический cwt – hundred weight – центр e.q. – example gratia /L) – например etc – et cetera /L) – и так далее ft – foot – фунт F – Fahrenheit – по Фаренгейту ha – hectare – гектар hp – house power – лошадиная сила in – inch – дюйм hr – hour – час kg – kilogram – килограмм Lb – libra /L) pound – фунт m – 1. mass; 2. nile 1). масса 2) миля mph – mile per hour – миль в час sq – square – квадрат Метрическая система Acre – 4840 square yards – 4046.873 m/square Are – 0.02471 Bushel – 36.367 litres Centimetre – 0.39370 inch Cubic foot – 0.0283 cubic metre 1 °Centigrade – 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit 1 °Fahrenheit – 0.5556 degrees Centigrade (Celsius) Zero Centigrade - + 32 °F Zero Fahrenheit - -17.78 °C Foot – 12 inches – 30.4801 cm Gallon (Imperial) – 1.2 gallon (US) – 4.545 litres Gallon (US) – 0.8327 gallon Imp. – 3.785 litres Gram (me) – 0.0352 ounce Hectare – 2.47106 acres Hundredweight – 112 pounds – 50.80 kg Hundredweight (US) – 100 pounds – 45.36 kg Inch – 2.53995 cm Inch (US) – 2.54001 cm Kilogram (me) – 2.20462 pounds Litre – 1.76007 pint Metre – 3.28084 feet – 39.37011 inches Mile – 1.6093 km Mile (nautical) – 1.8532 km Ounce – 28.34954 gram(me)s Ounce (troy) – 31.1035 gram(me)s Pint - 0.568 litre Pint (US) – 0.473 litre Pound – 16 ounce – 453.59 gram(me)s Quart – 1.13 litre Quart (US) – 1.94 litre Square foot – 929.034 square cm Stone – 6.35 kg Yard – 0.9144 metre |
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