Методические указания по английскому языку для студентов 1 и 2-го курсов заочного отделения - umotnas.ru o_O
Методические указания по английскому языку для студентов 1 и 2-го курсов заочного отделения - umotnas.ru o_O
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Методические указания по английскому языку для студентов 1 и 2-го курсов заочного - страница №2/2
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №4
ВАРИАНТ №1
HENRY FORD The birth of the automobile industry started in 1886, with the invention (by Gottlieb Daimler in Germany) of the first internal combustion engine using petroleum. But several years passed before anybody successfully used the engine on a wheeled vehicle. By 1900 there were a large number of manufacturers making cars in the USA, and Henry Ford was one of them. Henry Ford conceived three ideas that were to make his company the leader in the manufacture of automobiles. First, he designed an extremely simple internal combustion engine that was also unusually durable and easy to operate. The vehicle built around this power unit was called “the model T” and it immediately became very popular with the American buyer. Ford’s second idea was to concentrate on one model in order to produce the most efficient car at the lowest price. The third idea was to produce these cars not piece by piece, but by mass-production methods whereby all parts of the car were standardized and produced by extremely specialized machine tools and fitted together on assembly lines. These innovations were so successful that only in 1909 Ford turned out 10,000 vehicles, by 1923-more than 2,000,000. At the same time, selling prices dropped steadily. NOTES: 1. in order to - для того, чтобы 2. piece by piece - деталь за деталью (подетально)
a) to operate b) operating c) operated
a) to mechanize b) mechanizing c) mechanized
a) to develop b) developing c) developed
a) to invent b) inventing c) invented
a) to pull b) pulling c) pulled
a) to design b) designing c) designed
a) to assemble b) assembling c) assembled
a) to employ b) employing c) employed
a) to make b) making c) made ВАРИАНТ №2
PIONEERS OF AUTOMAKING One of the first attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical power was made by Isaac Newton. In 1784 a Russian inventor, Kulibin, built a three-wheeled carriage. The early type of steam engine will always be associated with the name of James Watt (1736-1819). The first practical internal combustion engine was built by Etienne Lenoir, a Belgian living in France. Patented in 1860, his water-cooled engine burned coal gas and was noisy and inefficient. Nikolaus Otto, a German, improved the Lenoir engine. The Otto engine operated on the 4-stroke cycle and embodied features that would become standard in petrol automobile engines. The names of such inventors and engineers as Daimler, Benz, De Dion and Panhard are closely associated with the earliest types of petrol engine as applied to the propulsion of road vehicles. From 1890 the development of petrol engine was rapid, mainly as regards to the motor car. Though it is today the principal application of the petrol engine it also has other very important fields of application including aircraft, military and marine use, agricultural work, stationery power units, etc.
a) to design b) designing c) designed
a) to produce b) producing c) produced
a) to drive b) driving c) driven
a) to use b) using c) used
a) to assemble b) assembling c) assembled
a) to test b) testing c) tested
a) to operate b) operating c) operated
a) to increase b) increasing c) increased
a) to make b) making c) made ВАРИАНТ №3
THE INVENTION OF THE AUTOMOBILE There is no doubt that the automobile is one of the most revolutionary inventions in the history of transportation. The basic idea is simple: choose a wheeled vehicle, typically pulled by horses or oxen, add a motor and create a self-propelled personal vehicle. The automobile as we know it was not invented in a single day by a single inventor. The automobile reflects an evolution that took place worldwide. It is said that over 1000,000 patents created the "modern" automobile. As with all great things there are turning points in the history of its creation and evolution. The first theoretical plans for a “horseless carriage” had been drawn up by both Leonardo da Vinci and Isaac Newton. Many believe that the car was created by a French army officer Nicolas Joseph Cugnot in 1769. He made a steam-driven vehicle capable of carrying three passengers at a speed of just over two miles an hour. In 1801 a new vehicle that was more successful but very heavy appeared, but later it collided with and demolished a wall. Nothing more was heard of the machine. Internal combustion engines were discovered in I860 and quickly became the norm in automobile engineering. A one-cylinder engine that worked on kerosene was the first engine, but in the early 1900s the 2-, 3- and 4-cylinder engines came. The emergence of the automobile industry forever changed the economy, technology and society all over the world. NOTES: 1. Nicolas Joseph Cugnot - Никола Жозеф Кюньо, французский изобретатель 2. to collide - сталкиваться 3. to demolish - разбивать
a) to insulate b) insulating c) insulated
a) to develop b) developing c) developed
a) to need b) needing c) needed
a) to drive b) driving c) driven
a) to heat b) heating c) heated
of ... traffic. a) to control b) controlling c) controlled
a) to use b) using c) used
a) to make b) making c) made КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №5
ВАРИАНТ №1
THE MOTOR CAR INDUSTRY The motor car industry is particularly important to Britain. Its exports earn more money for the country than any other industry. Besides, it employs lots of people, and many people working in garages and repair shops also depend on cars. The car industry is different from many other industries. It actually manufactures only a small part of the final vehicles; instead it assembles together thousands of parts supplied by a great variety of smaller industries. There are six main companies in Britain making cars, and about twenty others making lorries, vans, tractors, etc. The main motor car plants are situated in the Midlands and London as there are all various metal and engineering, paint and plastic firms that can supply quickly the parts needed in making cars. Forty of fifty per cent of all cars made in Britain are exported. They are not always shipped as complete cars. Often hundreds car parts are sent abroad and are then assembled. In some cases only the engine is exported and it is then fitted into the car body made by a foreign manufacturer.
ВАРИАНТ №2
AUTOMOBILE PRODUCTION Specialists in automobile industry deal with designing and manufacturing cars, so they should know that the production of the automobile comprises the following phases:
Why is it necessary to know all these facts? It is important to know them as before the automobile (car or truck) is put into mass production, it should be properly designed and the automobile must meet up-to-date requirements. What are these requirements? The automobile must have high efficiency, long service life, driving safety, ease of maintenance and pleasant appearance. In order to obtain all these qualities engineers should develop up-to-date methods of designing cars, using new types of resistant to corrosion light materials. Also it is important to know computer science because it is intended to shorten the time between designing and manufacturing. Computers offer quick and optimal solutions of problems. 2. long service life - долгий срок службы
ВАРИАНТ №3
An automobile, also called MOTORCAR or CAR, is usually a four-wheeled vehicle designed primarily for passenger transportation and commonly propelled by an internal-combustion engine using a volatile fuel. The modern automobile is a complex technical system. It consists of thousands of component parts that have evolved from breakthroughs in existing technology or from new discoveries such as electronic computers, high-strength plastics and new alloys of steel and nonferrous metals, as well as from factors such as air pollution, safety legislation and foreign competition. Passenger cars have emerged as the primary means of family transportation. Approximately 500 different models are offered annually to car buyers. New designs have been brought into the market more quickly in recent years than in the past to permit manufacturers to capitalize on their proprietary technological advances. New technical developments are recognized to be the key to successful competition. Research and development engineers and scientists have been employed by all automobile manufacturers and suppliers to improve all the automobile components and meet the needs of the 21st century. NOTES: 1. volatile fuel - легкоиcпаряющееся топливо 2. a breakthrough - крупное достижение 3. foreign competition - иностранная конкуренция 4. to capitalize on - извлекать выгоду из чего-либо
10) To obtain steel of the desired quality the research laboratory of the plant carried out a lot of experiments. << предыдущая страница |
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