Английский язык делового общения - umotnas.ru o_O
Английский язык делового общения - umotnas.ru o_O
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Exercise A: Define the underlined words based upon sentence context and the chart above.1) He is a doctor in the field of astrophysics. 2) She has a very versitale personality. 3) Dolphins are some of the most popular marine animals. 4) It would be beneficial for you to follow the doctor’s advice. 5) The study of phonetics in a second language is difficult. 6) A submarine uses a periscope when it is underwater. 7) He has a doctoral degree in podiatry. 8) Very few countries are still governed by a monarchy. 9) You will have to shift the gears of the car manually. 10) He has dedicated his life to the field of Sociology. The Basics of Organizational DesignLesson Introduction Organizational Design The organizational design of a company is extremely important in business communications because it changes the environment and the manner in which things are communicated. If a person outside of a company is able to discern the organizational design of the company they are trying to communicate with then they are more capable of making informed decisions on the best way to approach the company they are wanting to initiate communications with. It is important to remember that every company has its own “corporate culture” and the culture within a company can have a huge impact upon business communications within the company as well as outside of the company. Knowing the structure and organization of a company not only helps others to understand how the company works but also how the company communicates. Being aware of how a company communicates will help to ensure that business communications are successful. 1) “Functional Organization” -Reduces duplication of activities -Encourages technical expertise -Creates narrow perspectives -Difficult to coordinate 2) “Divisional Organization” -Improves decision making -Fixes accountability for performance -Increases coordination of functions -Hard to allocate corporate staff support -Loses some economies of scale -Fosters rivalry among divisions 3) “Matrix Structures” -Reinforces & broadens technical excellence -Facilitates efficient use of resources -Balances conflicting objectives of the organization -Increases power conflicts -Increases confusion & stress for 2-boss employees -Impedes decision making 4) “Lateral Relations” -Dotted-line supervision -Liaison roles -Temporary task forces -Permanent teams -Integrating managers Organizational Designs Functional- organizational units are created on the basis of specialty functions (production finance, marketing, etc). Strengths: specialization and all the strengths tied to specialization. Weaknesses: slow response to change because of coordination and decision making problems, difficulty with the wide-system view. Divisional- evolve over time from a functional organization, are general decentralized organizations, a good example is the Chevrolet division of General Motors (GM). Is used in large organizations to provide better response to environmental change than the large whole could. Weaknesses: can lose well-focused technical specialization and in-depth technical development. May lose economies of scale from larger functional organization. Focus may be on the goals of the division rather than on the goals of the entire company. Hybrid- a combination of a functional and divisional organization with the hope of gaining advantages of each and getting rid of the weaknesses of each type of organization when it stands by itself. Strengths: can be very adaptable to differences in products, customers, and changes in environment. Can provide efficient use of expensive shared resources and work well with economies of scale. Weaknesses: difficult to get uniform application of organizational policies with decentralized and duplicated functions. Integration is difficult. Potential for high administrative costs and communication and managerial difficulties. Matrix- an organic design alternative that includes both vertical and horizontal lines of authority. It will use functional and divisional chains of command simultaneously in the same parts of the organization. It has dual lines of authority. The functional hierarchy runs vertical. The divisional hierarchy runs laterally. Is used when there is environmental pressure for both functional and departmentalization and divisional departmentalization. Strengths: more efficient use of resources than a single hierarchy, adaptable to a changing environment, allows development of both specific and general skills, expertise available to all divisions. Weaknesses: dual chain of command can be confusing, high conflict between the two sides of the matrix, many meetings are necessary to coordinate activities, need for human relations training, power domination by one side of the matrix may occur. Business Jargon The Importance of Business Jargon In addition to companies having their own organizational designs, communication channels, and corporate cultures they also tend to have their own jargon. Below is a lsiting of some of the most commonly used phrases that exist in business jargon. Companies do not expect that those outside of their company or their particular marketplace understand the jargon that exists within their company. However, they still continue to use common business jargon aside from the jargon that exists within their company and it is important to know these phrases and terms so that business communications is made easier on both parties involved. Exercise A: Match the term on the left the correct definition on the right. 1-The “bottom line” A) What his motivation is 2-20/20 hindsight B) Getting something for free 3-Catch 22 C) It will never work 4-Deep pockets D) Big business dealing at lunch time 5-Dog and Pony show E) Doing well, moving forward 6-Fence mending F) To say something jokingly or not truthfully 7-Free ride G) It is needed now or immediately 8-“I needed it yesterday” H) The final result (from accounting) 9-It will never fly I) Be truthful or honest 10-On a roll J) Perfect knowledge but too late 11-Power lunch K) Whatever you do, it won’t work 12-Lay your cards on the table L) A financial presentation 13-To play hardball M) An apology, smoothing of bad relations 14-Tongue in cheek N) Wealthy or having the ability to pay 15-What makes him tick O) To do business in a hard/tough manner 2) Bait and switch B) to falsify records 3) Bang for the buck/Bang for your buck C) a hopeless person/situation 4) Basket case D) to expand, make stronger 5) Batting average E) no longer contributing 6) Beef up F) an unethical sales technique 7) Bells and whistles G) an unsolvable problem 8) Can of worms H) of questionable ethics, dishonest 9) Catch 22 situation I) questionable past activities 10) Dead wood/Dead weight J) % of the time you are successful 11) To cook the books K) most results for your money 12) Dirty laundry L) features/details of a product Common Business Abbreviations Introduction to Business Abbreviations The use of business abbreviations in the business world is as common as the use of business jargon. Most businesses are unaware of the fact that they are using jargon or abbreviations because such forms of communications have become the standard in their workplaces. Abbreviations are typically used by businesses in an effort to save time and money. You will commonly find business abbreviations in memos, faxes, notes, emails and job advertisements. The following is a list of some of the most commonly used business abbreviations. A/C- account current adsd- addressed adse- adressee ad- advertisement app- appendix Attn.- attention cc- copies CEO- Chief Executive Officer Co.- company Corp.- corporation Dept.- department doc.- document e.g./e.x.- example exc.- except, excluding FY- fiscal year Inc.- incorporated info- information inv.- invoice IOU- I owe you L/C- letter of credit LLC- limited liability company mdse- merchandise memo- memorandum N/A- not applicable PO- post office pp.- pages R&D- research and development ref.- reference V.I.P.- very important person vs- versus v.v.- vice versa w/- with w/o- without &- and @- at #- number Lesson 12 In-Class Final Project Have class use “Order” terminology to write formal business letters. Break the class into two groups or four groups depending on the size of the class. One or two groups will be ABC company writing to Xerox company and one or two groups of the class will be Xerox company responding to ABC company’s request. The groups that are ABC company do not need to write their letter before the Xerox groups start their work. They can simply write a letter at the same time as the other groups since they know what the people who are part of the ABC group will be writing. Below is what the letters from each group should be based upon. This outline should go on the board for the class to better understand what they are doing.
Appendix A English-Russian Business English Reference Guide Useful Words and Expressions
Sample Letter
Quotations
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